You can squeeze and compress water all you want, and under normal conditions its volume won’t budge.
But if you heat up water, its volume expands — and it's precisely this effect, which is playing out in Earth’s oceans, that's helping flood coastal cities like New Orleans.
Water is weird. It’s one of the only liquids that expands as it freezes, at 0 degrees Celsius, yet contracts as you warm it up to 4 C. (This is why water ice floats while most other types of ice sink.)
But if you warm up water beyond 4 C, the molecules violently push on one another, expanding the total volume of liquid and making it take up more space.
Earth’s surface has warmed by about 0.8 degrees C on average since 1880, soon after the industrial revolution kicked off.
This increase doesn’t sound like much, explains NASA Earth Observatory, but it has major consequences:
A one-degree global change is significant because it takes a vast amount of heat to warm all the oceans, atmosphere, and land by that much. In the past, a one- to two-degree drop was all it took to plunge the Earth into the Little Ice Age. A five-degree drop was enough to bury a large part of North America under a towering mass of ice 20,000 years ago.
And our world is under going some extensive warming, especially in the northern pole:
The Earth’s oceans are especially at risk — they have responded to this increase by soaking up more and more heat as global temperatures climb:
And since water expands when heated, this excess heat absorption has expanded the volume of Earth’s oceans.
As of right now, this volume increase by only a mere fraction of a percent of the ocean's original volume.
Yet applied to even part of the planet's 335 million cubic miles of water, e.g. surface waters, this increase adds up to significant sea level rise — on top of increased water runoff from the world's melting ice reserves.
According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, sea levels rose about 8 inches from 1880 to 2009, with thermal expansion as the predominant cause.
Again, this doesn’t sound like much — but any increase gives storm surges that much of a leg up to overwhelm coastal marshes, topple levees, and cause damage deeper and deeper inland.
This is a simplistic illustration of what that looks like for coastal cities, but it's a dangerous scenario:
What’s more, the rate of sea level rise is only accelerating as oceans soak up more heat, expand, and icebergs and glaciers continue to melt.
Earth is maddeningly dynamic— especially the oceans. That’s partly why it takes so long to reveal these trends in the first place; you have to take measurements over long periods of time to see the trends.
To that end, researchers are still uncertain about the interplay of surface water and deep-ocean warming. But it’s a given that if the planet keeps warming, as it’s on track to, and oceans continue to soak up heat, vulnerable coastal cities like New Orleans are in a heap of trouble.
SEE ALSO: New Orleans could be wiped off the map later this century
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